CAVEAT – We oppose the introduction of technology into classrooms without a well-structured and thoughtfully implemented pedagogy to support its use. Technology should serve as a tool to enhance learning, not a mere addition for the sake of modernization. Without a clear educational strategy, tech in the classroom risks becoming a distraction rather than an asset. However, rather than banning technology, we advocate for intentional integration, where digital tools are aligned with evidence-based pedagogy teaching methods, empower educators, and foster meaningful student engagement as you will read.
As discussions on tech use in schools progress, despite some relying on outdated research rather than the more current findings we highlight in this article, growing evidence suggests that rather than banning digital devices entirely, we should examine how they impact cognitive processes and how their features can either support or hinder learning. This current study confirms that improved outcomes are the result of better tech based pedagogy, not the mere presence of technology. (1) The key lies in striking a balance, leveraging the strengths of both digital and print-based learning together to optimize comprehension and engagement.
Recent research highlights the nuanced differences between digital and paper-based reading. While this 2024 research found there is no significant difference in comprehension between the two overall (2)(3), it did find the effectiveness of each medium varies depending on the type of text being read. For example:
- Literary texts tend to be better comprehended when read digitally.
- Informational texts, particularly those exceeding 1,000 words, are better understood on paper
A common argument against digital learning, much like cellphones, is that students using laptop and iPads for education is the “distraction” argument, with some stating that laptops and iPads are in “the same digital space” as when playing video games. This claim is misleading and plays into a broader moral panic surrounding screen use in schools.
This argument falsely equates all tech use as the same, ignoring the reality that context and intent shape digital experiences. Just as books can be used for both studying and leisure reading, the internet serves different purposes based on how it is used. Remember:
- Context matters: A tool like a laptop or iPad doesn’t dictate behaviour. Rules, supervision, and digital literacy do.
- Technology is multipurpose in its application to education
- The medium does not determine behaviour; guidance and intent do.
By equating learning on a laptop or iPad with gaming, assumes digital education tools are distractions rather than effective learning aids. In reality, when used appropriately, based on tech based pedagogy principles , technology can enhance engagement, collaboration, and access to resources that traditional methods cannot provide.
Research shows that technology can enhance engagement and learning outcomes when implemented effectively. (1)
- Laptops and iPads provide access to valuable educational resources like virtual science labs, research tools, and language learning apps.
- Teachers structure lessons to ensure digital tools are used productively, just as they do with print materials.
While distractions can happen, they are not unique to digital devices. Before digital technology, students found ways to daydream, doodle, or pass notes in class, technology isn’t the root cause.
Research indicates that properly implemented educational technology can enhance learning outcomes. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials involving over 53,000 learners aged 6-15 in low, and middle-income countries, found that technology supporting personalized learning significantly improved student performance. (4)
Additionally, research analyzing 27 studies concluded that intelligent technology, such as artificial intelligence applications, significantly enhances learning outcomes, with the degree of improvement varying based on different moderating variables. (5)
These findings underscore the potential of well-designed educational technology to positively impact student learning when effectively integrated into educational settings.
The idea that students will always misuse technology if given access to it stems from a broader fear-driven narrative that assumes technology is inherently harmful rather than recognizing it as a tool that requires guidance.
Common themes in this moral panic include:
- Blaming screens for all youth behaviour issues rather than addressing broader factors (like parenting, socioeconomic conditions, or mental health).
- Assuming youth are totally incapable of self-regulation, despite research showing that teaching digital literacy is more effective than outright bans.
- Ignoring that educational use of technology differs from entertainment use, just as reading a textbook differs from reading a comic book.
Instead of framing all screen use as the same, we should recognize that context, intent, and supervision matter. Many schools, unfortunately not all, already take steps to ensure laptops and iPads are used appropriately, and digital literacy education helps students understand the differences between educational and entertainment spaces.
Rather than choosing between digital and print, educators and caregivers should consider how to best integrate both. Here are some practical strategies:
- Use digital platforms for research and interactive learning but encourage print materials for in-depth reading comprehension exercises.
- Leverage adaptive learning software to cater to individual learning needs, making education more engaging and effective.
- Choose the right digital tools and IT infrastructure to help minimizes risks
Our challenge to educators – ultimately, the key is not to eliminate screens in education but to use them strategically, ensuring they support learning rather than hinder it. (6) By understanding when and how to use digital versus print, we can create a more effective and engaging educational experience for all students.
Related Article:
Digital Food For Thought
The White Hatter
Facts Not Fear, Facts Not Emotions, Enlighten Not Frighten, Know Tech Not No Tech
References
1/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666557323000204
2/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772503024000288
3/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666557325000023
4/ https://bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjet.13116
5/ https://oarjpublication.com/journals/oarjms/sites/default/files/OARJMS-2024-0026.pdf
